Coffinmakers showcased their wares with miniature creations like these.
Coffinmakers showcased their wares with miniature creations like these.
Not only did ancient peoples look to the night sky’s constellations as cultural touchstones, they also looked to individual stars. The star Thuban helped the Egyptians align their pyramids, and Sirius, when it rose at dawn, let them know the flooding of the Nile was soon to come. The stars of the Pleiades star cluster signaled the start of the sailing season to the ancient Greeks.
The stars of the modern world have official names of the Latin possessive of the constellation they belong to, preceded a letter of the Greek alphabet (e.g. Zeta Reticuli). When the Greek alphabet runs out, Latin letters are used, and then numbers. Prominent stars also keep their ancient names, Anglicized, easier-to-pronounce versions of the Arab ones. A few are more ancient, and a few more modern. Stars containing a system of planets were recently named through an internet vote sponsored by the International Astronomical Union in 2015, for example. There are also stars named for people, like Barnard’s star and Tabby’s star.
Through the magic of random generation, here are some Arabic-sounding starry names you can use for your own fictional skies.
Ghilchardi
Tamsules Nashrius Taunoros Halyat Delmeisa Vanyoros Fornabi Vyrnah Merara Trintzam Felnavi Ulregel Tasbhaat Lokwaid Olnscha Elfsata Saanzed Sedshira Jalgete Ladkar Ardnax Menzipheda Mirlnax Khanramin Hanrab |
Ghanineb
Pholectra Churud Morlzar Jolraph Amphectra Karalrai Ulchab Kahrudra Gerphoros Torsudra Irulzinda Grisus Ranthamar Zinstard Grannavi Mirlgeuse Halijidma Prosersim Shenbah Ranthellus Eliskab Betelthim Purmalopus Psunroperus Wesulnubi |
Aralfrash
Zamtanscha Arakakhra Phoraani Duneira Kabrius Baliales Zedani Zarules Alphaules Phadian Ashtut Rudashira Zistuben Charcyon Barkzim Psalturus Polkephora Zimchard Irulatna Murahbens Zenropar Ulzamard Pamopus Werosma Tristaurus |
Brandy’s eyes could steal a sailor from the sea.
by Madelene L’Engle
Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2010
(Originally published in 1962)
[Challenge # 3: A book you loved as a child.]
Like many children of a certain generation, I read Madeleine L’Engle’s classic SF novel A Wrinkle in Time in fifth or sixth grade and fell in love with it. It had been left at my house, I think, by my foster sister who was then attending summer camp. The freaky centaur-being on the cover intrigued me and I started to read. I don’t know if I ever re-read it as a child (she may have taken the book back when she returned) but I do know I had extremely fond memories of it. Since one of these book challenges was to re-read an old childhood favorite, I picked this one over another favorite, The Jungle Books, because I did want to see how well it held it up in comparison to the newer YA books I’ve been reading, which I haven’t found much to sing praise about.
Wrinkle has held up well, even though it was written in the late 1950s and lacks many cultural givens of the 2010s. Eerily so, in fact: the cultural touchstones that could have been in there, like gathering around a B&W TV set to watch variety shows, were not, and this had the effect of setting the book in a kind of timeless limbo. Only the details gave the era away, like the local “tramp” stealing sheets off a clothesline. I was able to skim these over, but acknowledge that a junior high student of 2017 might find less to relate to. But overall, the book stands head shoulders above 95% of current YA and I also gained a new admiration for it. L’Engle was a wonderfully sensorial writer, whether she was describing walking through the woods in Autumn or the feeling of being squished in a two-dimensional world, and Meg remains as “real” and sympathetic as she was back in the 1970s when I first read her.
For those who don’t know the plot, 12-year-old Meg lives with her scientist mother and three brothers in a farmhouse/laboratory on the edge of some small New England town. Their father, also a scientist, has disappeared working on some secret project for the government. The townspeople gossip that he’s run off with another woman, causing Meg distress; also causing her distress is the dull, stifling public school she goes to, and her current unattractiveness (she has frizzy hair, glasses, and braces.) One “dark and stormy night” three odd, elderly women turn up, Mrs. Watsit, Mrs. Who, and Mrs. Which, who turn out to be angels of a sort who whisk Meg, her younger genius brother Charles Wallace, and friend Calvin to another world where they are tasked to rescue their father from a monstrous evil.
It was actually a quick read, being around 70K words I estimate, but it felt much longer, in an enjoyable way, because there was so much to digest and literally no wasted words. A lot of the plot and characterization was carried through dialogue, something I’d forgotten from the first read, and boy was that masterfully done, feeding you bits and pieces as you progressed rather than in huge info dumps. There was just enough weirdness to intrigue rather than repulse, and though it was a children’s book, the author did not pull punches in her depictions of events. Meg does not become magically beautiful at the end of the story; her reunion with her father is also not a wholly happy one. This wasn’t a moralistic tale, but a theologic one.
And there was theologic weirdness aplenty: the witch’s true angelic forms are those of giant-sized male centaurs with wings instead of arms (who sing hymns) and an evil cloud-thing that enfolds planets like a dark nebula. This is mixed up with a love of and respect for science: the witches “tesser” through space, folding it to travel between two points, and there’s a bureaucratic totalitarian planet ruled by a giant brain. The humanities are also stressed, Mrs. Who quoting notable philosophers and playwrights to get her points across.
What I’d forgotten about the book was how much of a little shit Charles Wallace was, a combination of the Boy Genius, Idiot Savant, and Horror Child tropes. In fact, I am sad to say I relished the later parts of the story where he gets involved in fisticuffs with Meg and Calvin and gets smacked around (I don’t think any modern YA author would write this.) The kid was insufferable and completely unlike any 6-year-old, genius or not, that I’ve ever met. I want to say the author had never met a real, living, breathing child that age, but apparently she had a son of her own on whom CW was based, and perhaps attributed to him more wisdom than he had. As an adult this makes sense, since Meg’s devotion to him — even as he condescends and speaks down to her — is like that of a mother who sees no faults, rather than an older sister mothering a younger sibling.
I still give it five stars, even though I find it now easier to admire than love.
In a pre-industrial society, stars and constellations had more impact on the viewer because there was less light pollution. Pictures could be traced, paths, and stories, all providing a commonality among members of a tribe or society. One common example is the constellation of the Big Dipper, or Ursa Major, imagined by many ancient cultures to be an animal hunters pursued across the sky. So many, in fact, that the path of those stories has been traced from the Americas back into Asia.
Tolkien himself included the Big Dipper in his works, referring to it as The Plow.
In the Western world, constellations are a hodgepodge from different eras. The Greek period shaped our skies the most, with some, such as the creatures of the Zodiac, dating from older sources such as Babylon and Sumeria. A fresh round of constellation creation occurred in the late 1600s by Petrius Plancius, who contributed the Southern hemisphere Volans, Musca, Pavo, and others named for various flying and water creatures. In the 17th century Nicolas Louis de Lacaille and Johannes Hevelius made up some more to fill in blank spaces on the star charts. Unfortunately, instead of memorable creations like Pegasus and Sagittarius, most of these were of dull objects like Horologium (the clock) and Sextans (the Sextant.)
Non-Western societies had different views of the skies. Australian aboriginals formed some constellations from star absences, seeing, for example, an emu in the dark sections of the Milky Way.
Chinese cosmology had an ordered view of four divine creatures, temples, palaces, and armies.
The final authority on modern constellations, however, is the International Astronomical Union, and their list tops out at 88. Those constellations that didn’t make the cut include Felis, the Cat; Bufo, the Toad; Hirudo the Leech and Limax the Slug; Solarium the Sundial; and Cor Caroli Regis Martyris, or Charles’ Heart, an attempt to flatter Charles I of England.
Here’s a list of randomly generated constellations to give inspiration for your own work.
Karnus, the Dancing Jackel
The Celestial Ash Tree, formed by the stars Ulateuse, Tergraz, Talithtor, and Julsud
Zarra, the Manticore
The Summer Diamond
Shaunus, the Sleeping Shipwright
Phridules the Fish
The Wise Man
The Fawn-headed Acrobat
The Beetle-headed Fool
Belium the Drover
The Silent Scorpion
The Royal Staff
Alraphone, the Skybound Nightingale
The Dauntless Minstrel
Isgnorabus, the Sextant
The Golden Glaive
Charzar, the Heavenly Smelting Iron
Zenium the Crone
The Holy Quince tree
The Devil’s Bridge
Taphnus the Dogfish
Torstrixus, the Poisoned Cup
The Winter Circle
The Autumn Pentacle, consisting of the five stars Forbaran, Kandash, Gorabuel, Karlschaat and Othmal
Udales the Bat
They are coming for you and you can’t hide from them… ever.
(Art by Alexey Andreev)
Abaraxas, a Gnostic deity
There are all sorts of fairies, elementals, grues, demons, devils, angels, nature spirits, and the like in fantasy. Often they serve a purpose in the story, and just as often they are there for window dressing, like the offhand mentions of pookas or kelpies causing trouble. In fact, things wouldn’t be the same if they weren’t there. The more bizarre, the better. Take the above character for instance: the Gnostic entity Abraxus, a rooster-headed man with snake’s legs.
Here’s a list to embolden your own work or act as inspiration.
Ganjader: The Messenger of the Gods, a divine hawk with the head of a beautiful silver-eyed maiden.
Valkagers: Winged men who serve the gods. They have twelve eyes and stentorian voices.
Psitemph: A divine horse with silver horns and a plaintive moan when saddened.
Gongstait: A tree spirit in the form of a green ape with six arms and bulbous, bloodshot eyes.
Sorenphid: A muscular demigod with the head of a stag and tanned, brawny arms. He created the first bow, stringing it from his own forehead hair.
Zaftaloon: The demon king of centipedes. He appears in the form of a one-eyed centaur and can knowledgeably discuss alchemy and philosophy. Instead of four hooved legs, he has a hundred.
Mantiunda: Also known as the Swan Queen. In the form of a maiden she can be recognized by her white, feathered ears.
Vroleth: An arcane being that looks like a clam with the head of a camel. Sages say it created the world from a ball of its own dung.
Lion-King Theraclasp: A legendary ruler with the head of a lion and scarlet wings. He has a snowy white pelt and travels in a giant juggernaut pulled by fifty groaning slaves.
Yelwherry: A heavenly messenger with a cheetah’s head and the torso of a comely youth. On his head he bears two golden horns. Sacred writings say he farts loudly when startled.
Vampamon: A mysterious entity with the antlers of a deer, the lower body of a serpent, and hot, steaming breath.
Sulsodyne: The God of Divine Inquisition and Torture. He sends out plagues of locusts to punish infidels.
Jamposs: The Golden Hare of the Sun. He craves the taste of honey and is said to defecate when alarmed.
Sphagniron: An immortal giant with the head of an elephant. He is fond of eating spiders and has beautiful feathered wings.
The Lyphrae: A tribe of fierce warriors that wear loincloths made of catskin and cut off their own ears.
The Cult regularly punished those who failed to recruit new members.
Masquerade time in Venus (Venice)
Fantasy writing published in English-speaking worlds relies heavily on Medieval England as a setting. I suppose it’s because most early fantasy writers were, in fact, English, and then there’s the influence of the Inklings that included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. It’s a heavy base that has only gotten heavier over the years. Even much of anime takes place in an English never-never land of castles, lords, and country villages. I hear enough grousing about it on social media to suggest that readers, writers, agents, and publishers are tired of it by now.
In contrast, Italian-based settings are not used as much. Historical fantasies using Renaissance Italy can be found without too much trouble, such as R. A. McAvoy’s Damiano trilogy, but I know of only a few alternate-world Italies. There’s the city of Cittgazza in Phillip Pullman’s His Dark Materials trilogy, the Peninsula of The Hand in Guy Gavriel Kay’s Tigana, and the city of Venus in Tanith Lee’s The Secret Books of Venus quartet, based on an alternate world Venice tilted slightly askew, which is the richest of the three works. I am sure I am missing more.
Writers wanting to create a world with an Italian feel, without it actually being Italy, can use these randomly generated character names.
Female
Gialladella Elanco Lanrica Bartenzano Belitalia Bernessa Morlina Sante Valsaria Violina Spinzola Ensatra Bronerio Candrelle Castrota Chanitta Polifazzo Vitterica Anneta Cerricchi Sindelise Viparini Elsatra Ezlisco Stelladise Romesa Melandrisa Barzagna Sabrana Ilazzi Fioria Scarese Marghelisa Firoghi Vittalia Montecricero Silvria Tazasca Denaura Rissa Fafitti Issia d’Pomegiore |
Male
Iolamo della Qualmonti Fortipal d’Pozzio Antonesco Ercozio Lucisto Zapala Terumbro Strazonti Netasio Paprina Darchetto Grazzietto Fiertisto Stratziella Fornnato Rivghetti Olmero Firalbio Palanzo Barbasco Eurnetto Castroria Bentavio Torssito Orestopal Villaligneo Givtonio Tellgliata Ranchetto Sforiano Luvino DeBonatti Lucigi Bugcina Givido Canobano Lesmero Mezzadini |